戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记自己整理版DOC.docx
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戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记自己整理版DOC
Chapter1Introduction
Whatislinguistics?
什么是语言学
[A]Thedefinitionoflinguistics
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage(对语言进行的科学研究)
Processoflinguisticstudy:
①Certainlinguisticfactsareobserved,generalizationareformed;
②Hypothesesareformulated;
③Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;
④Alinguistictheoryisconstructed.
[B]ThescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics普通语言学:
thestudyoflanguageasawhole从整体研究
1.Phonetics:
thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds(orthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)(Howspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified)
2.Phonology:
isessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.(Howsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveymeaning)
3.Morphology:
thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords(howmorphemesarecombinedtoformwords)
4.Syntax:
thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences(howmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences)
5.Semantics:
thestudyofmeaninginabstraction
6.Pragmatics:
thestudyofmeaningincontextofuse
Sociolinguistics:
thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety
Psycholinguistics:
thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofthemind
Appliedlinguistics:
theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning
Anthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;computationallinguistics
[C]Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics
①Prescriptivevs.Descriptive规定性与描写性
②Synchronicvs.Diachronic共时性与历时性(现代英语多研究共时性)
Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintime;
Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.
③Speechandwriting言语与文字
Spokenlanguageisprimary,notthewritten
④Langueandparole语言和言语
ProposedbySwisslinguistsF.deSausse(sociological)
Langue:
referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity(指一个话语社团所有成员共有的语言系统)
Parole:
referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse(指语言在实际运用中的实现)
⑤Competenceandperformance语言能力与语言运用
ProposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky(psychological)
Competence:
theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.(理想的语言使用者关于语言规则方面的知识)
Performance:
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticscommunication.(这种知识在语言交流中的具体实现)
Whatislanguage?
什么是语言
[A]Thedefinitionoflanguage
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(语言是一个具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。
)
a)System:
combinedtogetheraccordingtorules(根据规则组合在一起)
b)Arbitrary:
nointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor(语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系)
c)Vocal:
theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages(所有语言的首要媒介都是声音)
d)Human:
languageishuman-specific(语言是人类所独有的)
[B]Designfeatures(uniqueproperties):
thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication(识别特征是指人类语言区别于任何动物交际系统的本质特征)
①Arbitrariness(任意性)
Thereisnologicalornaturalconnectionbetweenalinguisticform(eithersoundorword)anditsmeaning.
Whilelanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.(意义和语音之间没有什么逻辑的联系;虽然是任意性的,但并非完全任意)
a)echoofthesoundsofobjectsoractivities:
onomatopoeicwords(拟声词)
b)somecompoundwords(某些复合词)
②Productivity(能产性,创造性)
Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.(Creativityoropen-endedness)
★③Duality(双重结构性,两重性或二元性)
Languageisorganizedattwolevelsorlayerssimultaneously.Thelowerorbasiclevelisastructureofsoundswhicharemeaningless.Thehigherlevelismorphemeorword(doublearticulation)(语言是一个系统,包含两组结构或者两个层面。
在较低/基本层面存在着语音结构,其自身没有什么意义;较高层面存在着意义单位;结构的双重性/语言的双层性)
④Displacement(跨时空性,移位性)
Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker(refertopastandfuturetimeandtootherlocations)
⑤Culturaltransition(文化传递性)
Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis(everyonewasbornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage),thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnt.
Theabove5propertiesmaybetakenasthecorefeaturesofhumanlanguage.
Chapter2Phonology音位学
[A]Thedefinitionofphonetics(语音学)
Phonetics:
thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:
itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.(是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究,它关注语言世界中的所有语音)
Articulatoryphonetics:
thestudyofhowspeechsoundsaremade,orarticulated.(发音语音学)
Acousticphonetics:
dealswiththephysicalpropertiesofspeechassoundwavesintheair.(听觉语音学)
Auditory(orperceptual)phonetics:
dealswiththeperception,viatheear,ofspeechsounds.(声学语音学)
[B]Organsofspeech(发音器官)
Voiceless:
清音whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.
Voiced(Voicing):
浊音whenthevocalcords声带aredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedpushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.
AlltheEnglishvowels元音aretypicallyvoiced(voicing).
Theimportantcavities:
Thepharyngealcavity咽腔
Theoralcavity口腔
Thenasalcavity鼻腔
其他部位:
Lips唇1,teeth齿2,teethridge(alveolus)齿龈3,hardpalate硬腭4,softpalate(velum)软腭5,uvula小舌6,tipoftongue舌尖7,bladeoftongue舌面8,backoftongue舌后9,vocalcords声带10
[C]Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds:
Broadandnarrowtranscriptions
(语音的正字法表征:
宽式/窄式标音)
IPA(InternationalPhoneticAlphabet/Association国际语音协会/国际音标)
Broadtranscription:
thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly(代表字母的符号)
Narrowtranscription:
thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics(变音符)
E.g.:
[l][li:
f]--aclear[l](nodiacritic)
[l][bild]--adark[l](~)
[l][help]--adental[l]()
[p][pit]--anaspirated[ph](h表示送气)
[p][spit]--anunaspirated[p](nodiacritic)
[n][btn]asyllabicnasal[n]()
[D]ClassificationofEnglishconsonants(英语辅音的分类)
Intermsofmannerofarticulation根据发音方法分(themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated)
①Stops闭塞音:
theobstructionistotalorcomplete,andthengoingabruptly
[p]/[b],[t]/[d],[k]/[g]
②Fricatives摩擦音:
theobstructionispartial,andtheairisforcedthroughanarrowpassageinthemonth
[f]/[v],[s]/[z],[∫]/[з],[θ]/[δ],[h](approximant)
③Affricates塞擦音:
theobstruction,completeatfirst,isreleasedslowlyasinfricatives[t∫]/[dз]
④Liquids流音:
theairflowisobstructedbutisallowedtoescapethroughthepassagebetweenpartorpartsofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth
[l]alateralsound;[r]retroflex
⑤Glides滑音:
[w],[j](semi-vowels)
Liquid+glides+[h]approximants
⑥Nasals鼻音:
thenasalpassageisopenedbyloweringthesoftpalatetoletairpassthroughit
[m],[n],[η]
Byplaceofarticulation根据发音部位分(theplacewhereobstructioniscreated)
①bilabial双唇音:
upperandlowerlipsarebroughttogethertocreateobstructions[p]/[b],[w](velar)
②labiodentals唇齿音:
thelowerlipandtheupperteeth[f]/[v]
③dental齿音:
thetipofthetongueandtheupperfrontteeth[θ]/[δ]
④alveolar齿龈音:
thefrontpartofthetongueonthealveolarridge[t]/[d],[s]/[z],[n],[l],[r]
⑤palatal腭音:
tongueinthemiddleofthepalate[θ]/[δ],[t∫]/[dз],[j]
⑥velars软腭因:
thebackofthetongueagainstthevelum[k],[g],[η]
⑦glottal喉音:
theglottalisthespacebetweenthevocalcordsinthelarynx[h]
[E]ClassificationofEnglishvowels(英语元音的分类)
①Thehighestpositionofthetongue:
front,central,back;
②Theopennessofthemouth:
close,semi-close,semi-open,open;
③Theroundness(shape)ofthemonth(thelips):
Allthefront,centralvowelsareunroundedvowelsexcept[]
Allthebackvowels,except[:
]areroundedvowels
④Thelengthofthesound:
longvowels&shortvowels
Larynx(tense)or(lax)
Monophthongs,diphthongs
Cardinalvowels
[F]Thedefinitionofphonology(音位学)
Phoneticsisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.
Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguages;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
[G]Phone,phoneme,andallophone(音素、音位、音位变体)
Phone:
aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment(因素是一个语音单位或者说语音段)
Phoneme:
aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue,itisanabstractunit.(音位是一个音位学的单位,而且是一个有区别意义的单位,是一个抽象的单位)
Allophone:
thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.(在不同的语音环境下代表某个音位的音素被称为该音位的音位变体)
[H]Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,minimalpair(音位对立、互补分布、最小对立体)
Phonemiccontrast:
whentwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentsintwowordsandtheydistinguishmeaning,they’reinphonemiccontrast.
E.g.pin&bin/p/vs./b/rope&robe/p/vs./b/(要会判断!
)
Complementarydistribution:
twoormorethantwoallophonesofthesamephonemesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistributionbecausetheycannotappearatthesametime,oroccurindifferentenvironment,besidestheydonotdistinguishmeaning.
Minimalpair:
whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Whenagroupofwordscanbedifferentiated,eachonefromtheothers,bychangingonephoneme(alwaysinthesameposition),thenallofthesewordsconstituteaminimalsets.
[I]Somerulesinphonology
①sequentialrules序列规则
Ph