gmat AWA 55模版.docx

gmat AWA 55模版.docx

《gmat AWA 55模版.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《gmat AWA 55模版.docx（17页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

gmatAWA55模版

AWA5.5结构模板

AA，结构模板就更为有用了，开头结尾的模板是标准的，中间三段自己写

Inthisargument,theauthorconcludes/recommendsthat…

Tojustifyhisclaim,theauthorpointsoutthat…

Additionally,theauthorreasonsthat…

Furthermore,theauthoralsoassumesthat…

Meanwhile,theauthorprovidesevidencethat…

Moreover,theauthorcitesvariousotherexamplesthat…（citestheexampleof…）

Whiletheauthor’sargumenthassomemerit优点,itsuffersfromseveralcriticalflaws.

Tosumup,thearguerfailstovalidate证实theconclusion/recommendationthat….Tobolster改善加强it,thearguershouldprovidemoreconcreteevidencetodemonstratethat…Inaddition,thearguershouldhavetoruleout（theabovementionedpossibilitiesthatwoulddeterminethearguer’sclaim）.Furthermore/Additionally,inordertoaccesstheargument,westillneedmoreinformationconcerning…（Tobetteraccesstheaccuracyofthearguer’srecommendation,itwouldbeusefultoknow…）inaddition,tosolidifytheconclusion,theauthorshouldprovideconcreteevidenceaswelltodemonstratethat…

    大家要记住，中间三段足够了，不用写上四段，因为根据Erater里面的描述，多过三段不会多给分，少过三段会扣分，中间三段，每段可以采取这样的结构，底下给每个部分替代的语言

AA完整开头结尾

Inthisargument,theauthorasserts/predictsthat__.  Tosubstantiate证实thisconclusion,  theauthorcites/statisticsshowingthat/resultofasurveythat___.  Theauthorfurtherbolstershisconclusionbyevidence/examplesthat__.Moreover,itisclaimedthat__.Atfirstglance,theauthor'sargumentappearstobesomewhatconvincing,butclosescrutinyrevealsthatthelineofreasoningemployedisinvalidandhencetheconclusionisprobablymisleadingduetoseveralcriticallogicflaws.  Inshort,theanalysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains,andlackofcredibility可靠性inreasoningcausestheconclusiontobeproblematic.（90）

Inthefirstplace,Inthesecondplace,Inthethirdplace,

Tosumup,theauthorfailstoprovideadequatejustificationforthisargument.  Thestatistics/surveyandevidence/examplescitedarenotonlyvaguebutalsoincomplete.  Thelogicreasoningisquestionablewithseveralmistakes. Theabsenceofessentialinformationon___resultsinunsoundconclusion.  Tostrengthentheargument,theauthorwouldhavetoprovideadditionalevidencetodemonstratethat___.  Also,furtherdetailedinformationregarding___mustbepresentedtoshowthat___.  Inthiswaywecouldestablishtheconclusionthat___.（78）////Unlessfurtherinformationisprovidedindetail,theresultsofthesurveyareworthlessasevidenceandmaydistortthefactswhichleadtotheconclusion.

infact,itisfallacioustodrawanyconclusiononthebasisofsuchlimitedevidence）

Start

1.       Theauthor’ssolutionrests/relies/dependsontheassumption

thatAisthesolecauseofB..

2.       Anotherflawthatsignificantlyunderminesthisargumentisthattheauthorneglectstoindicate…（Anotherproblemthatseriouslyweakensthelogicofthis

argumentisthat）

3. Theconclusionunjustifiablyreliesonthepollwhilethevalidityofthesurveyitselfisdoubtful

4.   Theauthorunfairlyassumesthat…Theauthor’slineofreasoningisthat

Rebuttal举反例，反驳

1.       Itisabsolutely/entirelypossiblethattheother…

2.       Commonsenseinformsmethat…suchas…canhardly….

3.      Actually,itisfallacioustoreachanyconclusionatallinthefaceofsuchlimitedevidence….

Conclusion

1.     Lackingamorecomprehensiveanalysisofthecauses,itispresumptuousfortheauthortoclaimthatAsolelydeterminedB

2. Withoutmoreconcreteinformationabout…theauthor’sassumptionthat…isquestionable.

3.    Becausetheauthorfailstoaccountforotherinterpretations解释,说明,thesurveywouldbeuselessinconcludingthat…

4.     …unlessitcanbeshownthatthesampleistypicalofall/generalgroup,thefactthat…isgroundlesstoclaimthat…

5.      Withoutaccountingforthesepotentialfactors,theauthorconcludestoohastilythat…isthebestwaytoachievegoals.

6.      WithoutthecomparisonbetweenKtootherB,itisfallaciousfortheauthortorecommendthat…

Paragraphstructureidentifiers

Firstofall,firstandforemost,tobeginwith,inthefirst/second/third/fourthplace,thefirstandalsothemostglaring显眼的logicfallacycommitted承认犯错bytheauthoris……

Evenifitwerethecasethat…,即使这是真的…theauthorstillcommitsafallacyof….

Secondly,Furthermore,…Besides,Lastbutnotleast,

Replaceableverbs

Concludesthat/reachestheconclusionthat/advocatesthat/claimsthat/assertsthat/alleges断言，宣称that/Suggeststhat/recommendsthat

Predictsthat/anticipatesthat/expectsthat

Arguesthat/claimsthat/assumesthat/assertsthat/

allegesthat/reasonsthat/Provides/cites/pointsout/presents

Survey/poll/statistics/study/statisticalevidence

Author/arguer/theownerof/theloanapplicant…

Support/strengthen/enhance/bolster/支持/增强，强化/corroborate

Unconvincing/unwarranted/unreliable/untenable/unfounded/groundless/questionable/problematic/indefensible站不住脚的/ambiguous/flawed/

3〉实战方法：

第一步，先把第一段的废话敲好，此时基本无需动脑，但一定要手快，意在抢时间、凑字数。

第二步，略动脑筋，根据七宗罪，写好三段论的总起句。

注意：

此时不要展开，只写总起句即可！

这样可以确保每小段论点明确，且全篇文章论据完整，结构思路清晰。

第三步，把中间段落的总起句复述一遍，完成最后一段的废话。

此时一篇完整的文章已经基本成型，时间应当还剩余18-20分钟。

第四步，看看时间，可以深吸一口气，告诉自己慢慢来。

把中间三段逐一展开，把模板里面的话套进去，有时间就多写，没时间就少写，拼拼凑凑，顺利的话，用上十五分钟就可以敲满一整屏了。

第五步，检查。

（至少可以剩余三分钟）

[原创]AA七宗罪的记忆方法：

因、果、证

将七宗罪分类整理了一下，按照论证的原因、结果、论证过程三部分，归为三个类别：

1、因

就是原因上的问题，有以下三个：

可疑调查样本不足结论无据

2、果

就是结论上的问题，有以下两个：

无因果联系二者择一

3、证

就是论证过程上的问题，有以下两个，纵向横向各一个：

错误类比（横向）时地全等（纵向）

顺便分析一下本月JJ的一篇AA：

“Ourtotalsaleshaveincreasedthisyearby20percentsinceweaddedapharmacysectiontoourgrocerystore.Clearly,thecustomer’smainconcernistheconvenienceaffordedbyone-stopshopping.//无因果联系，可能另有他因。

Thesurestwaytoincreaseourprofitsoverthenextcoupleofyears,therefore,istoaddaclothingdepartmentalongwithanautomotivesuppliesandrepairshop.Weshouldalsoplantocontinueaddingnewdepartmentsandservices,suchasarestaurantandagardenshop,insubsequentyears.//时地全等Beingtheonlystoreintheareathatofferssucharangeofserviceswillgiveusacompetitiveadvantageoverotherlocalstores.”//结论无据

七宗罪

第一宗罪：

causaloversimplification无因果联系

1.Theauthorcommitsafallacyofcausaloversimplification.ThelineofthereasoningisthatbecauseAoccurredbeforeB,theformereventisresponsibleforthelatter.（TheauthorusesthepositivecorrelationbetweenAandBtoestablishcausality.However,thefactthatAcoincideswithBdoesnotnecessarilyprovethatAcausedB.）Butthisisafallaciousreasoningunlessotherpossiblecausalexplanationshavebeenconsideredandruledout.Forexample,perhapsCisthecauseoftheseeventsorperhapsBiscausedbyD.

2.ThelineofthereasoningisthatbecauseBoccurredafterA（AandBconcurredv.同时发生）（thereispositive/negativecorrelationbetweenAandB）,thelattereventisresponsiblefortheformer.  However,thesequenceofevents（correlationbetweenAandB）doesnotnecessarilysuggestacausalrelationship.  Thus,thisisfallaciousreasoningunlessotherpossiblecausalexplanationshavebeenconsideredandruledout.  Forexample,perhapsCisthecauseoftheseeventsorperhapsBissimplytheresultofD.  Moreover,probablyBisjustareflectionofE,andhasnothingtodowithA.

【Sufficient-（Necessary）不是唯一原因】

TheauthorbasedhisclaimpartlyontheassumptionthatBisallthatrequiredforA（thereisnovariablealternativemeansofachievingAexceptB）.  Yettheauthorpresentednoevidencethatsupportsthisassumption.  AlthoughBisanimportantfactorforA,itishardlytheonlyelementrequired（alternativeavailable）.

【Sufficient几个原因一起影响A才有效果】

IfitturnsoutthatAwasduetoacombinationoffactors,itwouldbedifficultforAifAisinlackofanyofthoseelements.  Tobespecific,inthecaseofA,factorssuchasC,D,E,andBalsoplayasignificantroleindeterminingA.  （Ifsomeofthoseelementsremainunchangedinthefuture,amerechangeinBwouldhavenostimulatingimpactonA.）只有B变了A不会有太大改变

【Non-causalrelationship没有太大联系】

Theauthorcommitsafallacyofcausaloversimplification.因果过度简单化

【Causal-Effect因果颠倒】

Itispossiblethatthecausehasbeenconfusedwiththeeffectrespecting关于A.Basedonthefactscited,theauthorconcludedthatAisresponsibleforB.  However,itisequallylikelythatAismerelyaresponsetoB–BhappenedbecauseA.  Besides,theauthorfailedtoaccountforotherpossiblecausesofB.  Forinstance,perhapsCisthecauseofAorperhapsBissimplytheresultofD.

第二宗罪样本不足Insufficient-sample

1.Theevidencetheauthorprovidesisinsufficienttosupporttheconclusiondrawnfromit.Onlyoneexampleislogicallyunsounded未经探明的toestablishageneralconclusion（Thestatisticsfromonlyafewrecentyearsarenotnecessarilyagoodindicatoroffuturetrends）,unlessitcanbeshownthatA1isrepresentativeofallA.Itispossiblethat....Infact,infaceofsuchlimitedevidence,theconclusionthatBiscompletelyunwarranted.

2.Theonlyevidenceprovidedinsupportfortheconclusionisthefactthat___.  Themostobviousreasoningerrorintheargumentistheauthor'suseofevidencepertaining与…有关系的toAinXregionasthebasisforgeneralizationaboutallA.UnlessitcanbeprovedthatXistypicalofallA,thefactthat___isnogroundforconcludingthatAasawholewillexperiencesimilarresults.

第三宗罪:

错误类比（falseanalogy）<横向>

1.TheargumentrestsontheassumptionthatAisanalogous相似的toBinallrespects.Thisassumptionisweak,sincealthoughtherearepointsofcomparisonbetweenAandB,thereismuchdissimilarityaswell.Forexample,A...,however,B....Thus,itislikelymuchmoredifficultforBtodo....

2.Theauthorcommitsthefa