外文翻译数控车床.docx

外文翻译数控车床.docx

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外文翻译数控车床

CNC

WhatisCNC?

Computernumericalcontrolisaverybroadtermthatencompassesavarietyoftypesofmachines—allwithdifferentsizes,shapes,andfunctions.ButtheeasiestwaytothinkaboutCNCistosimplyunderstandthatit’sallaboutusingacomputerasameanstocontrolamachinethatcarvesusefulobjectsfromsolidblocksofmaterial.Forexample,aCNCmachinemightbeginwithasolidblockofaluminum,andthencarveawayjusttherightmaterialtoleaveyouwithabicyclebrakehandle.

CNCmachinescanbedividedintotwogroups:

turningmachinesandmillingmachines.Aturningmachineisgenerallymadeupofadevicethatspinsaworkpieceathighspeedandatool（sharpedge）thatshavesofftheundesiredmaterialfromtheworkpiece（wherethetoolismovedbackandforthandinandoutuntilthedesiredformisachieved）.Amillingmachineisamachinethathasaspindle（adevicesimilartoarouter）withaspecialtoolthatspinsandcutsinvariousdirectionsandmovesinthreedifferentdirectionsalongthex,y,andzaxes.

Historically,youwouldn’tactuallyneedacomputertocreateformswithaturningmachineoramillingmachine.Addingacomputertothemixallowsyoutodesignaproductonacomputerfirstandthenspecifyhowthemachineshouldcutthisproduct.Todesigntheproductistoproduceacomputeraideddesign（CAD）file.Thenyouspecifyhowthemachineshouldcuttheproduct,andtheresultofthatstepisacomputer-aidedmanufacturing（CAM）file（orG-Codefile,or.NCfile—therearemanynamesforthistypeoffile）.ThisCAMfileremembersalloftheoperationsthatthemillingmachinemustfollowtocutoutthepartsfortheproduct.ThecomputertellstheCNCmachinehowtobuildthepartbyinterpretingtheCAMfileintosignalsthattheCNCmachinecanunderstand.

IndustrialUses

IndustrialapplicationsforCNCmachineshavebeenchieflybasedaroundtheremovalofmetaltocreateadesiredform.Metaliswidelyusedforproducingalmosteverythingweseearoundus,eventhoughthesethingsmaynotbemadeofmetalthemselves.Someofthemostobviousproductsthataremadeofmetalarecars.TheengineblockandthepartswithinthetransmissionaredirectlyproducedfromaCNCmachinebecausetighttolerancesarenecessary（atoleranceisarangeindimensioningtowhichthemachinemustadhere）.However,mostofthepartsofacararenotmadebyaCNCmachine,buttheyhavealatentconnectiontoone.Forexample,howdoyoumakeaquarterpanel?

Thereisahydraulicpresswithathingcalledadietocreateanimpressioninasheetofmetal.MostofthepartsofthehydraulicpressweremadefromaCNCmachine.Thedie,thepartthatcarriesthenegativeformofthequarterpanelandthatcanbereplacedwhendesignchanges,wasalsomadebyaCNCmachine,andthentemperedforhardeningandheatresistance.EventheplasticpartsofacarhavesomeconnectiontoaCNCmachine.ManyofthesepartsweremadefromamoldthatwascreatedusingaCNCmachine

BecauseCNCmachineshaveveryhighprecisionandtheycanprovideinformationbacktothe

computer,theyarealsousedindimensionaltesting.Ifaswitch（probe）isfastenedtothelocationofthetool,itcananalyzethemeasurementsofapartthatwasproduced.Themachinerunsthisprobeallovertheparttoconfirmitsdesiredformandmeasurements.

FormoreinformationonindustrialusesofCNCmachines,visit

PersonalUses

ThereisalargefollowingbyvarioushobbyistsandDIYersaroundtheglobeinterestedintheconceptofCNCmachines.Roboticists,craftsmen,handymen,homemachinists,smallbusinessowners,techenthusiasts,backyardscientists,andartistshavealldiscoveredhowaCNCmachinecanopendoorstonewdesignsandmoredetailedcreations.Aroboticist,forinstance,willuseaCNCmachinetocreatethestructuralcomponentsoftherobotwithveryhighprecision.Makingthesecomponentsbyhandwouldbetediousandverytimeconsuming.UsingaCNCmachine,thepartscomeoutbeautifullyandfittogetherwithgreatprecision.

Forthetypicalhandyman,agreatexampleofusingaCNCmachinemightbedesigningandmakingcabinetsforaroundthehouse.Typically,cabinetssharemanyofthesamedimensionsandcanbecutbyaCNCmachineoverandover.Imaginecuttingallofthedrawersandcabinetlidsbyhand!

Thepartsarenumerousandtheworkwouldbequitetedious.ButwithaCNCmachine,theindividualpiecesarecutandthecabinetsassembled;nodrivingaroundlookingfortherightcabinets,havingtospecialorderthem,andthenwaitingfordeliveryfromthehomeimprovementstore.（Thecabinetswillneedassembly,too,butwithyourownCNCmachine,you’llfindthatthehighcostofbuyingtheminthestorecanbeeliminated.）

CNCmachinesforpersonalusecanbepurchasedfromavarietyofmanufacturers,butmanyDIYerssufferfromstickershockthefirsttimetheybeginshoppingforaCNCmachine.Pricesof$3,000andhigheraretypicalforsmall,desktopversionsthatoftencomewitha12"×18"workspace,meaningyou’llbelimitedtoworkingonmaterialsthatfitinthatsmallspace.CNCmachineswithworkspacesthatallowformaterialsof2'×4',forexample,startaround$7,000,andpricesgomuchhigherforlargerworkspacetables.

FormostDIYers,owningtheirownCNCmachineisstilloutofreachfinancially.Butnolonger—thisbookbringsCNCwithineasyreach.Ifyoucanaffordtospend$700to$800,thenyoucanaffordtobuildyourveryownCNCmachine.

YourDIYCNCMachine

WithyourDIYCNCmachine,you’regoingtobeabletodosomeamazingthings—cut,drill,etch,andsculpt—withavarietyofmaterials.Infact,authorPatrickHood-DanieluseshisownCNCmachinestomakemoreCNCmachines!

HehasamachinecutanddrilltheMDF（medium-densityfiberboard）partsusedtobuildmoreCNCmachines.（Youcandothis,too,butfirstyou’llneedtobuildyourownDIYCNCmachine—itallstartsthere.）

YourDIYCNCmachineismadeofMDF,arigidmaterialthatholdsupwelltocuttinganddrilling,aswellasbeingextremelystronganddimensionallystable（itdoesn’tshrinkorexpandwithfluctuationsintheweatherorhumidity）.TheMDFpartsyou’llbecuttinganddrillingareboltedtogetherusingavarietyofsizesofbolts,nuts,washers,andotherhardware.Finally，you’llbeaddingamixofelectronicsandonecomputertobringyourDIYCNCmachinetolifeandamazeyourfriendsandfamily（whowill,unfortunately,comeupwithallkindsofrequestsforyouandyourmachine）.

TheDIYCNCmachineisn’tsomethingwithvaguedimensionsandarandommixtureofhardware.

We’lltellyouexactlywhattobuy.You’llbecuttinganddrillingmaterialfromplanscreatedbyauthorPatrickHood-Danielandtestedandusedtobuildthreemachines;onebyJamesFloydKelly,onebyDarrellKelly,andonebyJimBurt（nottomentionthenumberofmachinesbuiltbyPatrickhimself）.

Whenyou’redone,however,you’renotreallydone.CNCisagrowingandchangingtechnology,sothelimitsofwhatyoucandowithyourmachinearereallyuptoyou.Whilethisbookwillgiveyouthebasicinformationtobuildanduseyourmachine,you’llwanttocontinuetoimproveyourskillsbydelvingdeeperintothesoftwareandpushingthelimitsofyourmachine.（We’llprovideyouwithsomegoodresourcesforfurtherresearchandlearninglaterinthebook.）

Ifyou’relikeus,you’rereadytobegin.ButtrustuswhenwesaythatoneofthebestthingsyoucandobeforestartingtobuildyourownCNCmachineisthis:

readtheentirebookthroughatleastonce.Doingsowillgiveyouaglimpseofthefinalmachineandabetterunderstandingofhowyou’llgetthere.Youmayfind,aswedid,thathalfthefunofowningyourownDIYCNCmachinecomesfrombuildingit.

HISTORYOFTHEDIYCNCMACHINE,FROMPATRICKHOOD-DANIEL

Mydesiretohoponthebandwagonofthisgreathobbystartedasameanstoanend.TheendhasnotbeenrealizedbecauseIbecamemoreinterestedintheCNCmachineitselfandwanttoprovidesimplerdesignsand，instructiontootherswhowouldn’totherwisehavethemeanstoownatraditionalCNCmachine.

TheDIYCNCcommunityhasbeenaroundforalongtime;prettymucheversincetheboomoftheInternet.IlearnedmostofwhatIknowfromtheinformationontheInternet.Withmypriordesigntraining,Ispentquiteabitoftimeimprovingwhatothershadcreated.

ThroughmyefforttocreateaninitialCNCmachinefromresourcesontheInternet,Ifoundthatthematerialsdidnotholdupwellwithuseandtendedtoexhibitundesirableflexing.Ilearnedthroughtryingandexperimenting...anddiscoveredmanythingsthatworkedanddidn’twork.Iquicklylearned,forexample,tostickwithMDFas

thematerialofchoiceformakingmyCNCmachines.

Overtheyears,Imadehundredsoftripstothehomeimprovementstore（mylaboratoryofideas）.ThecomponentsthatIusedtostartmyCNCjourneyincludedroundmetalbarstockandabunchofverycheapMDF.Ithoughtthatthemetalstockwouldhavesomeprettygoodrigidity—Imean...it’smetal!

ButIwasverywrong.Afterputtinganassemblytogetherandusingthebarstockastherail,Inoticedquiteabitofflexingintheassembly.Thiswasnotgoingtowork,soIcameupwithabetterway.（Iwasdeathlyafraidoftryingsomething，thatwasnotillustratedontheInternetinfearthatifitwasn’tdonebefore,itwouldn’twork.ButIdiditanyway.）IusedaluminumanglesastherailsandMDFasthemidsectionbetweentherailstoprovidethenecessaryrigidity.Initially,Itriedthebarstockwiththistechnique,butthebarswouldstillflex.ThealuminumrailswrappingtheMDFworkedperfectlyandthemachinewasrigidandstable—perfect!

Well,perfectisasubjectivewordhere,butitwasgoodenoughforme.