英语二真题答案及解析范文.docx

英语二真题答案及解析范文.docx

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英语二真题答案及解析范文

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语

（二）试卷

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

英语

（二）试卷

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDanANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

"TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers—aboontoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcybercrimethathas1acrosstheWeb.

Canprivacybepreserved2bringingasemblanceofsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3?

Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation’scyberczar,offeredtheOsamagovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace—a“voluntaryidentify”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey,fingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer,andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.

Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentifysystems.Userscould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bythegovernment.

GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.

12,theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”insafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa13community.

Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructurethatthetransactionruns15.'"

Still,theadministration’splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17bealicense”mentality.

Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomeexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”wouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.Theyarguethatshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,indriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.

1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden

2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.though

3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless

4.A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal

5.A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent

6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over

7.A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared

8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve

9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize

10.A.releasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered

11.A.carryonB.lingeronC.setinD.login

12.A.InvainB.IneffectC.InreturnD.Incontrast

13.A.trustedB.modernizedC.thrivingD.competing

14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience

15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across

16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united

17.A.frequentlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually

18.A.skepticismB.toleranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm

19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible

20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forced

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions：

Readthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Text1

RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000;ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversityinRhodeIsland.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlyjuggledbothroles（aswellasseveralotherdirectorships）withoutattractingmuchcriticism.Butbytheendof2009MsSimmonswasunderfirefromstudentsandalumniforhavingsatonGoldman'scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?

ByFebruaryMsSimmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.

Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm'sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'sproposals.Leadersfromotherfieldsarefrequentlyindemand:

formerpresidentsorCabinetmembers,retiredCEOs,andyes,universitypresidents.Ifthesky,andtheshareprice,isfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.

Theresearchersusedadatabasethatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose"surprise"disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasesbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms,althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey"tradeup",leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.

Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives,suchasincreasingpay,saysDrFahlenbrach.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMsSimmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,MsSimmonswascriticizedfor.

A.gainingexcessiveprofitsB.failingtofulfillherduty

C.refusingtomakecompromisesD.leavingtheboardintoughtimes

22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe.

A.generousinvestorsB.unbiasedexecutives

C.sharepriceforecastersD.independentadvisers

23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversity，afteranoutsidedirector’sSurprisedeparture,thefireislikelyto.

A.becomemorestableB.reportincreasedearnings

C.dolesswellinthestockmarketD.performworseinlawsuits

24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.

A.maystayfortheattractiveoffersformthefirm.

B.haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm.

C.areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm.

D.willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm.

25Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.

ApermissiveBpositiveCscornfulDcritical

Text2

Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspapers?

Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.Newspaperslikethe SanFranciscoChronicle werechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFederalTradeCommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?

Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?

ItwillholdanothermeetingonJune15th.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.

Inmuchoftheworldthereislittlesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapersshruggedofftherecession（see article）.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcorneroftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.

Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.

Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOECD.InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.

Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspapersareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelypruned.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.JustlookatthefateofOtisChandler’screation.

26.Bysaying“Newspaperslike….theirowndoom”（lines3-4,para,1）theauthorindicatesthatnewspapers.

A.neglectedthesignofcrisisB.failedtogetstatesubsidies

C.werenotcharitablecorporationsD.wereinadesperatesituation

27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause.

A.readersthreatenedtopayless

B.newspaperswantedtoreducecosts

C.journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas

D.subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts.

28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspaperaremuchmorestablebecausethey.

A.havemoresourcesofrevenueB.havemorebalancednewsrooms

C.arelessdependantonadvertisingD.arelessaffectedby