建筑节能 建筑环境与设备工程 英文论文.docx

建筑节能 建筑环境与设备工程 英文论文.docx

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建筑节能建筑环境与设备工程英文论文

EnergyandBuildings38（2006）1308–1319

IndoorthermalenvironmentandenergysavingforurbanresidentialbuildingsinChina

HiroshiYoshinoa,*,YasukoYoshinob,QingyuanZhangc,AkashiMochidad,NianpingLie,ZhenhaiLif,HiroyukiMiyasakag

aGraduateSchoolofEngineering,TohokuUniversity,Japan

bJuniorCollegeofNihonUniversity,Japan

cTsukubaCollegeofTechnology,Japan

dGraduateSchoolofEngineering,TohokuUniversity,Japan

eHunanUniversity,China

fTonjiUniversity,China

gTakenakaCorporation,Japan

Abstract

ThepurposeofthissurveyistoinvestigatetheactualconditionsoftheresidentialindoorthermalenvironmentinurbanareasinChinaforevaluatingthermalcomfortandpredictingtheenergyconservationfeasibilityforspaceheatingandcooling.

Theapartmenthomesunderinvestigationwerelocatedintheurbanareasofninemajorcities.Thequestionnairesurveyrevealedbuildingcharacteristics,thetypesofspaceheatingandcoolingsysteminuse,aspectsoflifestyle,duringwinterandsummerseasons,andsoon.ThemeasurementshowedthatwinterindoortemperaturesinHarbin,Urumqi,BeijingandXi’anremainatarelativelystablelevelnear208Cduetothecentralheatingsysteminstalled.Howeverintheothercitieslackingcentralheatingsystems,indoortemperaturesfluctuatedasafunctionofthechangeofoutdoortemperature.Ontheotherhand,summerindooreveningtemperaturesinShanghai,Changsha,ChongqingandHongKongwerehigherthanthecomfortzoneofASHRAE.ThereforeitisexpectedthatenergyuseforspaceheatingandcoolinginthesouthernChinawillincreaseinthenearfuturebecauseofoccupants’requirementforcomfortableindoorenvironment.Basedontheresultsyieldedbythisstudy,inBeijingthecalculationofspaceheatingandcoolingloadsindicatedthattheenergyusedtoheatindoorspacescanbehalvedbyinstallingthermalinsulationandproperlysealingthebuilding.

#2006ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.

Keywords:

China;Residentialbuilding;Fieldmeasurement;Questionnairesurvey;Indoorthermalenvironment

1.Introduction

EnergyconsumptioninChinahasbeenincreasingrapidlyduetorecenteconomicgrowthanddevelopment.Thisleadstoseriousenvironmentalproblemssuchasglobalwarming,airpollutionandacidrain.Inresidentialbuildingsofdevelopedcountries,energyconsumptionforspaceheatingandcoolingisalargeinthetotalresidentialenergyconsumption.

InordertoestimatethefuturetrendofresidentialenergyconsumptionandindoorenvironmentrequirementinChina,itisnecessarytoknowthesituationoftheusageofhouseholdequipment,andtheindoorthermalconditions.Thepurposeofthisstudyistoinvestigatetheactualconditionsofindoor

*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:

+81222177883;fax:

+81222177886.

E-mailaddress:

yoshino@sabine.pln.archi.tohoku.ac.jp（H.Yoshino）.

0378-7788/$–seefrontmatter#2006ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.doi:

10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.04.006

environmentinurbandwellingsofChina.Inaddition,energyconservationpossibilitiesthroughthermalinsulationarediscussed.

InexistingresearchonresidentialenergyandindoorenvironmentinChina,Liu[1]reviewsthedeterminantsofenergydemandandsaturationofhouseholdequipmentinChina.Brockettetal.[2]reporttheinvestigationresultsofresidentialenergyconsumptioninfivecities.AndJianandJiang[3]investigatedindoorthermalenvironmentofapartmentunitsduringthesummerinBeijing.ButthecurrentbodyofresearchlacksadetailedinvestigationoftherelationshipbetweentheuseofspaceheatingandcoolingequipmentandindoortemperatureandhumiditylevelsinvariousChinesecities.Ontheotherhand,forJapaneseresidentialbuildings,Bogaki,Yoshinoetal.[4]reportmeasurementresultsonindoortemperatureduringthewinterandsummerof350housingunits.Theresultsoftheirresearchexhibitdistinguished

H.Yoshinoetal./EnergyandBuildings38（2006）1308–13191309

differencesofindoortemperaturesbetweenHokkaidoandotherregions.Hasegawa,Yoshinoetal.[5]reportwinterindoortemperaturesofresidentialbuildingsinthenorthernregionofJapan.Theyinvestigatedaround900housesin14citiesineachyearof1982,1992and2002toclarifybuildingperformancetreads,housingequipment,indoortemperatures,energyuseforspaceheating,etc.Theyreportedthatthemeanindoortemperatureatnightineachcityincreased108Cinthe20yearperiod.Alsoitwasreportedthattheindoortemperaturemeasuredin2002incoldercitywasabout208Candthatinmildcitywaslessthan158C.

Thispaperwascompiledandanalyzedbasedonliteratures[6–8]forthewinterinvestigationand[9,10]forthesummerinvestigation.

2.Indoorthermalenvironment

2.1.Locationofthecitiesformeasurement

TheapartmenthousesunderinvestigationwerelocatedintheurbanareasofHarbin,Urumqi,Beijing,Xi’an,Shanghai,Changsha,Chongqing,KunmingandHongKong.ThesearemajorcitiesinChina,whicharerepresentativeofeachclimaticregionshownasFig.1[11].Fig.2showstheclimograph[12]ofeightcitiesforinvestigationinChina.

Thesecitieshavesignificantdifferentclimaticconditions.

2.2.Methodsofinvestigation

2.2.1.Questionnaireapproach

Ineachcity,questionnairesandliquidcrystalthermometersweredistributedto36–120participatingfamiliesselectedbythelocalresearchers.InthecasesofShanghai（1998）,BeijingandHarbin,materialsforinvestigationweredistributedtopupilsofelementaryandhighschoolswhowererequestedtoasktheirparentsmakinganswers.InShanghai,halfthepupilslivedinagingcityareasandtheotherhalflivedinnewcityareas.Inothercities,localresearchersaskedforthecooperationoftheircolleaguesandstudentsaswellas

Fig.1.Locationofthecitiesformeasurement.

Fig.2.ComparisonoftheclimographsofmajarcitiesinChina.

relativesandacquaintancesofthecolleaguesandstudents.Exceptforthreecities,thesubjectsbelongedtorelativelymiddletohighclasssocietyinChina.InShanghai,thesummerinvestigationwascarriedouttwicein1998（Shanghai’98）and

2003（Shanghai’03）.Occupantsofthesehouseswereaskedtoansweraquestionnaire,whichascertainedbasicinformationregardingtheirbuildings,heatingperiod,operationtimeduringaday,clothing,useofheatingequipmentsandthermalsensation.Table1showsthecontentsofquestionnaire.Aquestionnairecreatedforapreviousstudy[5]inJapanwasusedasamodel.Energyconsumptiondatawassoughtbythequestionnaire,howeverdataprovidedbytherespondentswasnotsufficientforanalysis.Inaddition,twoliquidcrystalthermometersweregiventoeachhome,oneforlivingroomandoneforbedroom,tomeasuretheindoortemperature.Theoccupantswereaskedtorecordthetemperaturesoflivingroomandbedroomthreetimesadayfor5days,i.e.morning（6.00a.m.–8.00a.m.）,daytime（11.00a.m.–1.00p.m.）andeve-ning（7.00p.m.–9.00p.m.）.Outofthehousesconsideredforquestionnairesurvey,afewweretakenupforfieldmeasure-mentoveraperiodof5days,whichissameasthesurveyperiodforthatparticularcity.

2.2.2.Fieldmeasurementapproach

Indoortemperatureandhumidityweremeasuredbysmalldataloggerswithsensors,whichwereplacedinthebedroom,

Table1

Contentsofquestionnaire

BuildingcharacteristicConstructionyear,structure,floorareas,windows,conditionofbalcony

HousingequipmentHeatingandcollingsystem,ventilationsystem,equipmentofhot-watersupply

ResidentialcharacteristicNumberofoccupants,income

LifestyleHeatingandcollingperiod,heatingandcollingtime,garmentinsulationvalue

SatisfactionratingSatisfactionofthethermalcomfortandresidentialenvironment

EnergyconsumptionConsumptionofcitygasandelectricity

IndoorthermalenvironmentTemperatureinthemorning,daytimeandevening

1310

H.Yoshinoetal./EnergyandBuildings38（2006）1308–1319

Table2

Subjecthousesofthesurveyinwinter

CitySurveyperiodNumberofhousesforquestionnaire

Numberofhousesformeasurement

HeatingsystemAverageoutdoorconditionsduringinvestigation

Winter

Harbin3/2000995Centralheating5.98C,65.4%RHaUrumqi1/200410010Centralheating12.18C,66.8%RHbBeijing1/1999363Centralheating3.48C,39%RHaXi’an1/200210010Centralheating5.18C,72%RHbShanghai1/1998746Individualspaceheating9.28C,76%RHaChangsha1/200310010Individualspaceheating4.08C,81.6%RHbChongqing1/20039710Individualspaceheating10.18C,87.6%RHbKunming1/200410110Individualspaceheating11.08C,56.3%RHbHongKong1/200210312Individualspaceheating19.18C,54%RHbTotal81076

aBasedonlocalmeteorologicaldata.

bBasedonthemeasurement.

livingroom（ataheightof1.1mfromthefloorlevel）andoutdoor（northsideofthebuildingshadedfromthesun）.

2.3.Winterinvestigation

2.3.1.Subjecthousesofthesurveyinwinter

Table2showsthenumberofsubjecthomes,heatingsystemandoutdoorclimateconditionsduringinvestigation.

Thequestionnairesurveytogetherwiththemeasurementsofindoortemperatureandhumidityweredoneinthewinterof

1998forShanghai,1999forBeijing,2000forHarbin,2002for

Xi’anandHongKong,2003forChangshaandChongqing,

2004forUrumqiandKunmings.

2.3.2.Resultsofquestionnaireinvestigation

2.3.2.1.Constructionyearofbuildings（Fig.3）.Intheseninecities,mostofthebuildingsinvestigatedwereconstructedinthe

90s,exceptforChongqing.InChongqing,mostofthebuildingsinvesti