工资制度中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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工资制度中英文对照外文翻译文献
工资制度中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
ManagementStyleandFairPayment
TomHusband
Thisarticlediscussestherelationshipbetweenmanagementstylewithinafirmandtheproceduresusedtodetermineinternalwageandsalarydifferentials.Atatimewhenmanagementstylesareapparentlybecominglessauthoritarianandpaternalisticinfavourofgreaterworkerparticipationthereisobviouslyadangeroffirmsusingpaymenttechniqueswhichareinappropriatetothecurrentmanagement/workerrelationship.Somesimplemodelsofworkersandorganizationareusedtoidentifyfourbroadstylesofmanagement.ThesestylesarethenrelatedtothejobevaluationandperformanceratingtechniquesincommonuseinBritishindustrytoday.Somegeneralconclusionsaredrawnconcerningfuturetrendsinpaymenttosuitmanagementstyle.
Introduction
ProblemsofinternalpaystructuringhavealwaysbeenofkeeninteresttobothmanagersandstudentsofBritishindustry.Inrecentyearshoweverthesettingofrationalandfairpaydifferentialshastakenonaparticularsignificance.Oursocialandmanagerialattitudestocriteriaforrewardarechangingfast.Thewholequestionofpayrelativitiesisnowseentobecentraltotheestablishmentofajustindustrialsociety.Withinindividualfirmsmanagersandemployeesarequestioningthetraditionalapproachestoworkstructuringandwagepayment.Thereisadistinctmovefrombothsidesofindustrytowardsagreaterdegreeofemployeeconsultationandparticipationintherunningofthefirm.Thistrendhasbroughtwithitfreshapproachestotheanalysisofworkandthedeterminationofequitablewageandsalarydifferentials.
AgreatmanyBritishcompanieshavealreadyappliedthemselvestosolvingthedynamicproblemsofworkanalysisandreward.Themajorityareprobablyonlynowdecidinghowbesttoapproachthesesameproblems.Itisfairtosaythatagreatdealofconfusionandevencontroversysurroundstheissuesinvolved.Inthelastdecademanagershavebeendelugedwithnewtechniquesofpayadministration.
Allofthesetechniquesarevalidwhenappliedunderappropriateconditions.Thedilemmawhichhasfacedmanagersistoknowwhichofthetechniquesisrelevanttothesolutionoftheirparticularproblems.Therehavebeenmanysadcasesofmismatchbetweentechniqueandsituation.
Managersneedanoverallcompanystrategyforworkanalysisandpay.Theintegrationoftechniquesintoatotalpackageofwageandsalaryadministrationmustreflectthemanagementstyleemployedinthecompany,aswellasrecognizethemanyconstraintsputonmanagerialcontrol.
Manycompaniesarenowfacinguptosituationswheremanagementstylesarealteringandtechnologicalandotherinfluencesarechangingfast.Thecompanypaystrategyhastomirrorthesechangesifitistoremaineffective.
Ideallytheinternalpaymentstructureshouldreflecttheorganizationstructure(andhencethestructureofresponsibilitycarriedacrossjobhierarchy).Howeverthereisnosingleidealstructureoforganizationandconsequentlytherecanbenosingleidealstructureofpay.Eachfirmhasarangeofneedswhicharemetorpartiallymetbythemeasurestakenbymanagement.Wecanbegintheargumentbyexaminingthemanagementstylesassociatedwiththeneedsoftheemployee/managerrelationships-theso-called'psychologicalcontract'.
ManagementStylesandthePsychologicalContract
Obviouslythemanagementstyleusedinfulfillingthepsychologicalcontractreflectsthewayinwhichmanagersinthecompanyexpectemployeestobehave.Somemanagerialteamsexpecttheiremployeestosimplyhavewhatisknownasa'calculative'involvementwiththecompany.Theyareexpectedtodowhatisrequiredbythegoal-setters(themanagementteam)andnomore.Thecontractisfulfilledbypayingsufficientwagesorsalariestomotivatetheemployeestomeetthegoalssetbythemanagers.Manysmallfamilyfirmsoperatethismanagementstyleandtherearepossiblyagreatmanylargecompaniestoo.Itisconvenienttolabelthistypeofmanagementviewoftheorganizationas'goaloriented'.Intheextremesuchmanagersmightperceiveonlyasinglegoal(profitratio,marketshare,etc)withoutrequiringtheemployeestohaveanyidentificationor'moralinvolvement'withthatgoal.Atotallydifferentconceptualmodeloftheorganizationallowsfortheachievementofawholerangeofneeds
24PersonnelReviewVol4Number4Autumn1975
bytheorganization.Managerswhoconceiveoftheircompaniesinthisfashionseetheneedforbalancingthe'system'ofneeds.Employees(andespeciallyother,juniormanagers)areperceivedaspeoplewhoseactionsshouldinfluencetheentireorganizationnotjusttheirowndepartmentorsubsystemof,forexample,productioncontrolorpurchasingormarketing,etc.Theviewheldhereisthatitisnogoodtohaveninetenthsofthecompany'sneedsbeingmetandtheothertenthignored.Itisa'systems'approachandisamodelwhichisapparentinthemanagementphilosophyofourlargerandmoreprogressiveindustrialcompanies.
Betweenthesetwopolarmodelsoforganizationthereisobviouslyscopeformanyotherconcepts.Apluralisticmodel,forexamplewouldallowfordifferentconstituentpartsoftheorganizationtohavetheirownseparategoals.
Themodelsthatmanagersholdofmenasdistinctfromthegoalsofthecompanyaredescribedinamassiveliteratureoforganizationalpsychology.Itispossibleinthisareaalsotoestablishextreme,polarconcepts.Oneextremewouldbetheassumptionthatmanisa'rational-economic'animal.BecauseofthisamanagerholdingsuchaviewmightuseMcGregor'swell-knownTheoryXapproachtohissubordinate.McGregor1pointsoutthat'rational-economic'manassumptionsimplythatmanislazybynatureandismotivatedprimarilybyfinancialincentives.Theemployeeisseentoneeddirectionandcontrolsothathewillworktowardstheorganization'sgoals.Heisseentobeunambitiousandreluctanttotakeresponsibility.TheassumptionsassociatedwithTheoryXare,ofcourse,builtintothefoundationsoftheClassicalorganizationtheories.Theemployee,inshort,isseentoreacttohisenvironment.
Themodelofmanseentobeattheoppositefromthereactive,TheoryXmanisMcGregor'sTheoryYapproach.AssumptionsonwhichTheoryYarebasedincludethefactthatmostmendonotdislikework,theyseekachallengefromtheworkenvironmentandinfactwelcometheopportunitytoachievea'moral'involvementwiththeorganization.Underappropriateconditionstheemployee,saysTheoryY,willseekoutresponsibilityandiscapableofimagination,ingenuityandcreativity.
Therehavebeenseveralattemptstoclassifythevariousmodelsofmanandorganization,anotableexamplebeingthetypologydevelopedbyEtzioni2.Forthepurposeofthispresentdiscussion,however,thesimplemodelconstructedbyLimerick3toshowthetypeofmanagementstyleimpliedbymanagement'sassumptionsaboutmenandorganizationseemsappropriate.ThemodeltakestheformofthematrixshowninFigure1below:
ReactiveMan
Self-ActiveMan
Goal
Organization
Authoritarian
Management
Consultative
Management
System
Organization
Paternalistic
Management
Participative
Management
Figure1TheLimerickMatrixofManagementStyles
ThematrixsuggeststhatifmanagementholdsTheoryX(reactiveman)assumptionsandseestheorganizationasbeingsinglegoalorientated,thestyleimpliedisauthoritarian.Attheotherextreme,shouldtheassumptionsbeofTheoryYnatureandtheorganizationbeseenassystemsorientated,themodelimpliesthatthestrategyisparticipative.Itmustbeborneinmind,ofcourse,thatthisclassificationrepresentspuretypesoforganizationwhichprobablydonotexistassuchinpractice.Itismeanttobearelativemodelwhichshowsonlytheextremeassumptionsandimpliedstrategies.Itis,however,veryimportanttobeabletoputtheproblemof
differingstylesintosomeperspective.
EquitablePayment
Thefourstylesofmanagementproposedinthemodelcanbeconsideredwithspecialreferencetoproblemsofequitablepayment.AuthoritarianmanagementistypifiedbytheproposalsoftheClassicalmanagementtheorists(egFayol,Urwick,Gulick).Theorganizationismanagedalongtheuniversalprinciplesofplanning,organizing,motivatingandcontrollingandthestructureispyramidalwithgreatemphasisonlineauthority.Thereisrigidspecializationanddepartmentalization.Participationbynon-managementinmeetingtheorganization'sgoalisseverelyrestricted.
Inpaternalisticmanagementthesystemsneedsoftheorganizationmustbemetbythoseemployeeswhoarenotseentobereactive.Thus,forexample,somelarge,sophisticatedindustrialorganizationstypicallyperceivethemselvestohave'systems'ofneeds,thenon-managersandevenjuniormanagementareseenasreactivewhiletheseniormanagementteamisoftenassumedtoconsistofself-activemen.Heretheseniormanagersassumethattheyhavetomeettheirsubordinates'needsforthem;saybyprovidingpreferentialpensionschemesandwelfarebenefitsandcheapcanteens,sometimeswithlittleconsultationwiththeemployeesinvolved.Apaternalisticorganizationisalsotypifiedbyapyramidalstructureandanemphasisonlineauthority.Paternalismisimprovedovertheauthoritarianstrategyinthatemployeesareoftenallowedtopresentalternativesforactioninnon-taskactivities.ManyBritishconcernsarerunonclearlypaternalisticlines.Thereareseveralwell-known,largeorganizations(typicallythemajoremployersintheirrespectivecommunities)whichadopta'cradletograve',protectiveattitudetotheiremployees.Inthepastsuchfirmstendedtodiscoura