sci常用句型总结.docx

sci常用句型总结.docx

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sci常用句型总结

sci常用句型总结

sci常用句型总结

5.一些：

asliceof,quietafew替换some.

6.认为：

harbortheideathat,taketheattitudethat,holdtheviewthat,itiswidelysharedthat,itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat替换think。

7.事情：

affair,business,matter替换thing.

8.评论：

shared替换common.

9.非常有益：

reaphugefruits替换getmanybenefits.

10.我认为：

formypart,frommyownperspective替换inmyopinion.

11.越来越：

Increasing（ly）,growing替换moreandmore（注意没有growingly这种形式。

所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.）

12.几乎不：

littleifanything或littleornothing替换hardly.

13.有益的，有好处的：

beneficial,rewarding替换helpful.

14.顾客：

shopper,client,consumer,purchaser替换customer.

15.非常：

overwhelmingly,exceedingly,extremely,intensely替换very.

16.没有必要的hardlynecessary,hardlyinevitable…替换unnecessary,avoidable.

17.必要的indispensable替换necessary.

18.某人有兴趣sthappealstosb,sthexertsatremendousfascinationonsb替换sbtakeinterestin/sb.beinterestedin.

19.吸引某人的注意力captureone'sattention替换attractone'sattention.

20.方面facet,demension,sphere替换aspet.

21.表明beindicativeof,besuggestiveof,befearfulof替换indicate,suggest,fear.

22.导致引起giveriseto,leadto,resultin,trigger替换cause.

23.有几个原因Thereareseveralreasonsbehindsth替换…reasonsforsth.

24.想desire替换want.

25.注意pourattentioninto替换payattentionto.

26.记住bearinmindthat替换remember.

27.过程enjoy,possess替换have（注意process是过程的意思）。

28.交互interaction替换communication.

29.不同意frownonsth替换beagainst,disagreewithsth.

30.例如asanexample替换forexample,forinstance.

31.几乎不可能nextto/virtuallyimpossible替换nearly/almostimpossible.

32.有关于regarding/concerning替换about.

33.关键，重要crucial/paramount替换important.

34.第一（inthefirstplace/thefirstandforemost）；第二（thereisonemorepoint,Ishouldtouchon,that…）；第三（thelastbutnottheleast）.

35.努力工作assiduous替换hard-working.

36.困难arduous替换difficult.

37.不好，差underdeveloped/financially-challenged替换poor（因为poor通常含有贬义）.

38.表明demonstrate/manifest替换show.

39.总是invariably替换always.

40.危险的perilous/hazardous替换dangerous.

41.困难formidable替换difficult.

42.典型的quintessential替换typical（举例时常用，例如：

aquintessentialexampleshouldbecitedthat=forexample;forinstance）.

43.有名的，可识别的distinguished替换famous.

44.可能的feasible替换possible.

45.因此consequently,accordingly替换so.

46.通常，由数据推断出一定的结论，用Resultsindicate,infer,suggest,implythat……

47.最常见的引述别人观点的词汇

Muchoftheresearchinsexualselectioninthelasttwodecadeshasexaminedhowafemale’spreferencethatdoesnotinfluenceherimmediatereproductivesuccesscanstillevolveifitisgeneticallycorrelatedwithanothercharacterunderdirectselection.（不要每次写到研究时总用study，可以用些其它的词汇，比如examine，work。

）

Twohypothesesforfemalepreferenceevolution—runawaysexualselectionandgoodgenesselection—statethatpreferencesevolveindirectlybecausetheyaregeneticallycorrelatedwithmaletraitsthatareunderdirectselection;thatis,thepreferencesthemselvesarenotunderdirectselection.（在引述别人的观点时，如果不能完全同意，使用state比show更加中立些。

）

Studiesofreceiverbiasessuggestthatsuchanalogiesmightnotbebroadlyapplicable.（suggest,又一种较为客观的引述观点的表达方法。

）

Burleyarguedthatthepreferenceforredbeaksisadaptivebecauseitindicatesmalehealth,andthispreferenceisthentransferredtoleg-bandcolor.（argue,引用别人观点的又一表述。

）

Accordingtotheanti-monotonyhypothesis,habituationplaysanimportantroleintheevolutionofcomplexvocalizationsinsongbirds:

Increasedsongcomplexityreduceshabituationofneighboringmalesandcourtingfemales.（根据…）

Previousstudiesofacousticandbioluminescentinteractionshademphasizedpotentialadvantagestogroup-signalingorganization,suchasminimizingpredation,preservingspecies-specificsignalcharacters,orincreasingtheattractivenessofthegroup.（带有小小的强调）

48.常见的连接词有，However,also,inaddition,consequently,afterwards,moreover,Furthermore,further,although,unlike,incontrast,Similarly,Unfortunately,alternatively,parallelresults,Inorderto,despite,Forexample,Comparedwith,otherresults,thus,therefore……用好连接词能使文章层次清楚，意思明确。

比如，叙述有时间顺序的事件或文献，最早的文献可用AAadvocateditforthefirsttime.接下来可用ThenBBfurtherdemonstratedthat.再接下来，可用Afterwards,CC……如果还有，可用MorerecentstudiesbyDD……

49.receivedlittleattentiontodate现在已经没人关注

50.itcanbeseenthat从…可以看出

51.aredramaticallyreduced巨大的

52.iscrucialfor对…至关重要

53.involving涉及

54.Suchphenomenasupportthehypothesisthat我们认为

55.madeupofasumofcontributionsof什么的相互作用

56.Topleftpanelshows左上图说明了

57.areofinterestforseveralapplications有兴趣

58.areparticularlyworthyofacademicinvestigation值得，学术研究

59.providesthebestagreementbetweenthecalculatedandexperimentaldata相符合

时态用法

摘要：

一般现在时

引言：

一般现在时，别人说用过去式，

1.别人发现什么itwasfoundthatsthdonesth

2.itindicatesthat说的内容用一般现在时

3.对于现在我们做的itisfoundthatsthdosth

4.study,investigation等要用过去式的被动wasstudied,wascarriedout，wasobserved,也可以用现在完成时，现在完成时和过去完成时区别只是起点不一样，一个是以现在为起点，一个以过去为起点。

5.陈述一种事实用一般现在时（可有引用文献）

6.涉及到figure这种词一般用现在时

实验：

过去式

结果与讨论：

一般用现在时，如果有人为因素，如我们做了什么事情，要用过去式，因为是过去做的。

涉及实验部分也要用过去式。

结论：

theexperimentalinvestigationsrevealed/Itwasshownthat/Itwasrevealedexperimentallythat后面加一般现在时陈述你之前得出的结果

7.注意点：

当用到用什么设备测试时用过去时，当关于我们以前做了什么,执行什么动作时用过去式，但是如webelieve，wefind，wecanseethat，weobserve观测到什么结果，这些词可不用过去式。

可用could/wouldbedonesth，讲到其他文献时用过去式

常用各部分句型

Beginning

1.Inthispaper,wefocusontheneedfor

2.Thispaperproceedsasfollow.

3.Thestructureofthepaperisasfollows.

4.Inthispaper,weshallfirstbrieflyintroducefuzzysetsandrelatedconcepts

5.Tobeginwithwewillprovideabriefbackgroundonthe

Introduction

1.Thiswillbefollowedbyadescriptionofthefuzzynatureoftheproblemandadetailedpresentationofhowtherequiredmembershipfunctionsaredefined.

2.Detailsonxxandxxarediscussedinlatersections.

3.Inthenextsection,afterastatementofthebasicproblem,varioussituationsinvolvingpossibilityknowledgeareinvestigated:

first,anentirelypossibilitymodelisproposed;thenthecasesofafuzzyservicetimewithstochasticarrivalsandnonfuzzyserviceruleisstudied;lastly,fuzzyserviceruleareconsidered.

Review

1.Thisreviewisfollowedbyanintroduction.

2.AbriefsummaryofsomeoftherelevantconceptsinxxxandxxxispresentedinSection2.

3.Inthenextsection,abriefreviewofthe....isgiven.

4.Inthenextsection,ashortreviewof...isgivenwithspecialregardto...

5.Section2reviewsrelevantresearchrelatedtoxx.

6.Section1.1brieflysurveysthemotivationforamethodologyofaction,while1.2looksatthedifficultiesposedbythecomplexityofsystemsandoutlinestheneedfordevelopmentofpossibilitymethods.

Body

1.Section1definesthenotionofrobustness,andarguesforitsimportance.

2.Section1devotedtothebasicaspectsoftheFLCdecisionmakinglogic.

3.Section2givesthebackgroundoftheproblemwhichincludesxxx

4.Section2discussessomeproblemswithandapproachesto,naturallanguageunderstanding.

5.Section2explainshowflexibilitywhichoften...canbeexpressedintermsoffuzzytimewindow

6.Section3discussestheaspectsoffuzzysettheorythatareusedinthe...

7.Section3describesthesystemitselfinageneralway,includingthe…..andalsodiscusseshowtoevaluatesystemperformance.

8.Section3describesanewmeasureofxx.

9.Section3demonstratestheuseoffuzzypossibilitytheoryintheanalysisofxx.

10.Section3isafinedescriptionoffuzzyformulationofhumandecision.

11.Section3,isdevelopedtothemodelingandprocessingoffuzzydecisionrules

12.ThemainideaoftheFLCisdescribedinSection3whileSection4describesthexxstrategies.

13.Section3and4showexperimentalstudiesforverifyingtheproposedmodel.

14.Section4discussesapreviousfuzzysetbasedapproachtocostvarianceinvestigation.15.Section4givesaspecificexampleofxxx.

16.Section4istheexperimentalstudytomakeafuzzymodelofmemoryprocess.

17.Section4containsadiscussionoftheimplicationoftheresultsofSection2and3.

18.Section4appliesthisfuzzymeasuretotheanalysisofxxandillustrateitsuseonexperimentaldata.

19.Section5presentstheprimaryresultsofthepaper:

afuzzysetmodel..

20.Section5containssomeconclusionsplussomeideasforfurtherwork.

21.Section6illustratesthemodelwithanexample.

22.VariouswaysofjustificationandthereasonsfortheirchoicearediscussedverybrieflyinSection2.

23.InSection2arepresentedtheblockdiagramexpressionofawholemodelofhumanDMsystem

24.InSection2weshalllistacollectionofbasicassumptionswhicha...schememustsatisfy.

25.InSection2ofthispaper,wepresentrepresentationanduniquenesstheoremsforthefundamentalmeasurementoffuzzinesswhenthedomainofdiscourseisorderdense.

26.InSection3,wedescribethepreliminaryresultsofanempiricalstudycurrentlyinprogresstoverifythemeasurementmodelandtoconstructmembershipfunctions.

27.InSection5isanalyzedtheinferenceprocessthroughthetwokindsofinferenceexperiments...ThisSection

1.Inthissection,thecharacteristicsandenvironmentunderwhichMRPisdesignedaredescribed.

2.Wewillprovideinthissectionbasicterminologiesandnotationswhicharenecessaryfortheunderstandingofsubsequentresults.NextSection2.Thenextsectiondescribesthemathematicsthatgoesintothecomputerimplementationofsuchfuzzylogicstatements.

3.However,itiscumbersomeforthispurposeandinpracticalappli