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英美文化与国家概况教案
《英美文化与国家概况》教案
PartITheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland
Chapter1GeographyandPeople
一、教学目标与要求
1.掌握英国的名称,地理位置及组成部分。
2.熟悉各组成部分的概况。
3.了解英国的山脉、河流、湖泊、气候。
二、基本概念和知识点
I.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts
1.Geographicalnames:
theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEngland.
2.Officialname:
theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.
3.TheBritishIslesaremadeupoftwolargeislands-GreatBritain(the
largerone)andIreland,andhundredsofsmallones.
4.ThreepoliticaldivisionsontheislandofGreatBritain:
England,ScotlandandWales.
(1)EnglandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.Itisthelargest,
mostpopuloussection.
(2)ScotlandisinthenorthofGreatBritain.Ithasthreenaturalzones
(theHighlandsinthenorth;theCentrallowlands;thesouthUplands)
Capital:
Edinburgh
(3)WalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Capital:
Cardiff
(4)NorthernIrelandisthefourthregionoftheUK.Capital:
Belfast.
5.TheCommonwealth(ofnations)isafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Itwasfoundedin1931,andhas50membercountriesuntil1991.
II.GeographicalFeatures
1.GeographicalpositionofBritain:
Britainisanislandcountrysurroundedbythesea.ItliesintheNorthAtlanticOceanoffthenorthcoastofEurope.ItisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthesouthandtheNorthSeaintheeast.
2.ThenorthandwestofBritainaremainlyhighlands;andtheeastandsoutheastaremostlylowlands.
III.RiversandLakes
BenNevisisthehighestmountaininBritain(1,343m).
SevernRiveristhelongestriverinBritain(338km).
ThamesRiveristhesecondlongestandmostimportantriverinBritain.(336km).
LoughNeaghisthelargestlakeinBritainwhichislocatedinNorthernIreland.(396squarekilometres).
RiverClydeisthemostimportantriverinScotland.
SnowdoniaisthehighestmountaininWales.(1,085m)
IV.Climate
1.Britain'sfavorableclimate
Britainhasamaritimeclimate-wintersarenottoocoldandsummersarenottoohot.Ithasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.Thetemperaturevarieswithinasmallrange.
2.ThefactorsinfluencetheclimateinBritain:
(1)Thesurroundingwaterstendtobalancetheseasonaldifferencesbyheatingupthelandinwinterandcoolingitoffinsummer;
(2)Theprevailingsouth-westwindsortheWesterliesblowoverthecountryalltheyearroundbringingwarmandwetairinwinterandkeepingthetemperaturesmoderate;
(3)TheNorthAtlanticDriftpassesthewesterncoastoftheBritishIslesandwarmsthem.
3.Rainfall
Britainhasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.TheaverageannualrainfallinBritainisover1,000mm.Thereisawatersurplusinthenorthandwest,andawaterdeficitinthesouthandeast.
三、教学方法与手段
课堂讲解、分组讨论。
Chapter2EnglishHistory
一、教学目标与要求
1.了解英国的起源。
2.掌握英国从封建社会向现代社会转变的过程。
3.熟悉大英帝国的兴衰史。
二、基本概念和知识点
OriginsofaNation(5000BC-1066)
I.EarlySettlers(5000BC-55BC)
1.ThefirstknownsettlersofBritainweretheIberians.
2.Atabout2000BCtheBeakerFolkarrivedfromtheareasnowknowasHollandandRhineland.
3.TheCeltsbegantoarriveBritainabout700BC.
4.TheCeltscametoBritaininthreemainwaves.
ThefirstwavewastheGaels-cameabout600BC.
ThesecondwavewastheBrythons-cameabout400BC.
ThethirdwavewastheBelgae-cameabout150BC.
II.RomanBritain(55BC-410AD)
1.BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion.In55BCand54BC,JuliusCaesar,aRomangeneral,invadedBritaintwice.InAD43,theEmperorClaudiusinvadedBritainsuccessfully.Fornearly400years,BritainwasundertheRomanoccupation,thoughitwasneveratotaloccupation.
2.Roman’sinfluenceonBritain.
TheRomanbuiltmanytowns,road,baths,templesandbuildings.TheymakegooduseofBritain’snaturalresources.Theyalsobroughtthenewreligion,Christianity,toBritain.
3.ReasonsforlimitedRomaninfluenceonBritain.
First,theRomansalwaystreatedtheBritonsasasubjectpeopleofslaveclass.Second,neverduringthe4centuriesdidtheRomansandBritonsintermarry.Third,theRomanshadnoimpactonthelanguageorcultureofordinaryBritons.
III.TheAnglo-Saxons(446-871)
1.BasisofModernEnglishrace:
theAnglo-Saxons.
Inthemid-5thcenturyanewwaveofinvaders,Jutes,Saxons,andAnglescametoBritain.TheywerethreeTeutonictribes.TheJutes,whofishedandfarmedinJutland,cametoBritainfirst.AJutishchiefbecametheKingofKentin449.ThentheSaxons,usersoftheshort-swordfromnorthernGermany,establishedtheirkingdominEssex,SussexandWessexfromtheendofthe5thcenturytothebeginningofthe6thcentury.Inthesecondhalfofthe6thcentury,theAngles,whoalsocamefromnorthernGermanyandweretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpeople,settledinEastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.ThesesevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbriahavebeengiventhenameofHeptarchy.
2.TheearlyAnglo-SaxonsconvertedtoChristianity.
3.TheEarlyAnglo-SaxonsmakethecontributionstotheEnglishstate.
TheAnglo-SaxonslaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate.Firstly,theydividedthecountryintoshires,withshirecourtsandshirereeves,orsheriffs,responsibleforadministeringlaw.Secondly,theydevisedthenarrow-strip,three-fieldfarmingsystemwhichcontinuedtothe18thcentury.Thirdly,theyalsoestablishedthemanorialsystem.Finally,theycreatedtheWitan(councilormeetingofthewisemen)toadvisetheking,thebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststoday.
IV.VikingandDanishinvasions
1.TheinvadersweretheNorwegiansandtheDanes.TheyattackedvariouspartsofEnglandfromtheendofthe8thcentury.Theybecameaseriousprobleminthe9thcentury,especiallybetween835and878.TheyevenmanagedtocaptureYork,animportantcenterofChristianityin867.Bythemiddleof9thcentury,theVikingandtheDaneswereposingathreattotheSaxonkingdomofWessex.
2.KingAlfred(849-899)andhiscontributions
AlfredwasakingofWessex.HedefeatedtheDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththemin879.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeast,whileheruledtherest.HealsoconvertedsomeleadingDanesintoChristians.Hefoundedastrongfleetandisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”.HereorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient.HetranslatedaLatinbookintoEnglish.Healsoestablishedschoolsandformulatedalegalsystem.Allthisearnshimthetitle“AlfredtheGreat.”
V.TheNormanConquest(1066)
1.ReasonsforWilliam’sinvasionofEnglandafterEdward’sdeath.
ItwassaidthatKingEdwardhadpromisedtheEnglishthronetoWilliam,buttheWitanchoseHaroldasking.SoWilliamledhisarmytoinvadeEngland.InOctober1066,duringtheimportantbattleofHastings,WilliamdefeatedHaroldandkilledhim.OneChristmasDay,WilliamwascrownedkingofEngland,thusbeginningtheNormanConquestofEngland.
2.TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences
TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheConquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.RelationswiththeContinentwereopened,andthecivilizationandcommercewereextended.Norman-Frenchculture,language,mannersandarchitecturewereintroduced.TheChurchwasbroughtintocloserconnectionwithRome,andthechurchcourtswereseparatedfromthecivilcourts.
3.England’sfeudalismundertheruleofWilliam
①UnderWilliam,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished.②Accordingtothissystem,theKingownedallthelandpersonally.③WilliamgavehisbaronslargeestatesinEnglandinreturnforapromiseofmilitaryserviceandaproportionoftheland’sproduce.④Theseestateswerescatteredfarandwideoverthecountry,sothatthosewhoheldthemcouldnoteasilycombinetorebeltheking.⑤Thebarons,whohadbecomeWilliam’stenants-in-chief,parceledoutlandtothelessernobles,knightsandfreemen,alsoinreturnforgoodsandservices.⑥Atthebottomofthefeudalscalewerethevilleinsorserfs.⑦OnepeculiarfeatureofthefeudalsystemofEnglandwasthatalllandownersmusttaketheoathofallegiance,notonlytotheirimmediatelord,butalsototheking.
4.TheEnglishisamixtureofnationalitiesofdifferentorigins.TheancestorsofmanyEnglishpeopleweretheancientAnglesandSaxons.SomeEnglishpeopleareoftheNorman-Frenchorigin.
TransitionfromFeudalSocietytotheModernAge(1066-1688)
I.ContentsandthesignificanceoftheGreatCharter
GreatCharterwassignedbyKingJohnin1215underthepressofthebarons.Itconsistsofsixty-threeclauses.Itsimportantprovisionsareasfollows:
(1)notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovaloftheGrandCouncil;
(2)nofreemenshouldbearrested,imprisonedordeprivedoftheirproperty;(3)theChurchshouldpossessallitsrights,togetherwithfreedomofelections;(4)Londonandothertownsshouldretaintheirtraditionalrightsandprivileges,and(5)thereshouldbethesameweightsandmeasuresthroughoutthecountry.AlthoughTheGreatCharterhaslongbeenpopularlyregardedasthefoundationofEnglishliberties,itwasastatementofthefeudalandlegalrelationshipsbetweentheCrownandthebarons,aguaranteeofthefreedomoftheChurchandalimitationofthepowersoftheking.ThespiritoftheGreatCharterwasthelimitationoft