语言学Chapter 4Exercises 含答案.docx

语言学Chapter 4Exercises 含答案.docx

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语言学Chapter4Exercises含答案

Chapter4 FromWordtoText

I.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse:

1.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.

2.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.

3.Anendocentricconstructionisalsoknownasheadedconstructionbecauseithasjustonehead

4.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.

5.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.

6.Numberandgenderarecategoriesofnounandpronoun.

7.WordorderplaysanimportantroleintheorganizationofEnglishsentences.

8.LikeEnglish,modernChineseisaSVOlanguage.

9.  InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.

10. Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.

（1-5TTFTF6-10TTTTT）

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

1As________isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand

2.Aclausethattakesasubjectandafiniteverb,andatthesametimestructurallyaloneisknownasanf__________clause

3.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp_________.

4.Ac_________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.

5.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledane_______clause.

6.Majorlexicalcategoriesareo___categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.

7.G_________relationsrefertothestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsbetweeneverynounphraseandsentence

8.Aa__________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.

9.As__________isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.

10. As__________maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.

Answers:

1.sentence2.finite3.predicate4.complex5.embedded

6.open7.grammatical8.simple9.sentence10.subject

III.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

1Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is__________

AthecityBRomeCcityDthecityandRome

2.A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.

A.coordinatorB.particleC.PrepositionD.subordinator

3Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.

A.recursiveB.grammatical

C.socialD.functional

4.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.

A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.

B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwords

C.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentences

D.Alloftheabove.

5Thephrase“onthehalf”belongsto________construction

AendocentricBexocentricCsubordinateDcoordinate

6.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforthefactthat__________.

A.nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.

B.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernounphrase

C.nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositions

D.nounphrasecanbemovedtoanyplaceifnecessary.

7Thesentencestructureis________.

A.onlylinearB.Onlyhierarchical

C.compelD.bothlinearandhierarchical

8.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.

A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite

9.The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.

A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.combinational

10Thesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves”isa

____________sentence

AsimpleBcoordinateCcompoundDcomplex

Answers:

1D2D3.A4D5B6A7D8C9D10A

IV.  Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.

1. Syntax

2. ICanalysis

3.Hierarchicalstructure

Answers:

1.Syntax:

Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.

2. ICanalysis:

Immediateconstituentanalysis,ICanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents–wordgroups（phrases）,whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.

3. Hierarchicalstructure:

Itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNP,VPandPP.

V.Answerthefollowingquestions:

1.Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?

Illustratethemwithexamples.

2.Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?

3.DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:

    Thechildaskedforanewbook

4.Whatarethemajortypesofsentencesaccordingtotraditionalapproach?

Illustratethemwithexamples？

Answers:

1.Traditionally,therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence,coordinate（compound）sentence,andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence,forexample:

Johnreadsextensively.Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".Forexample:

Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparingforherhistoryexam.Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexample:

BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlinguistics.

2.Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Atypicalexampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.Theexocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.

3.略

4.Traditionally,therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence,coordinate（compound）sentence,andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence,forexample:

Johnreadsextensively.Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".Forexample:

Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparingforherhistoryexam.Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexam­ple:

BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlin­guistics.